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Polish business rules, explained simply
Plain-English guides to running a JDG or a sp. z o.o. in Poland in 2026: ZUS, taxes, VAT, KSeF, PKD codes and your accountant, checked against official sources.
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Starting a business in Poland19 articles, in orderTaxes and ZUS for sole traders16 articles, in orderVAT, invoices and KSeF9 articles, in orderRunning a sp. z o.o.11 articles, in orderDoing business in Poland as a foreigner15 articles, in orderUkrainian freelancers in Poland: what to read first12 articles, in orderYour documents and your accountant14 articles, in order
Topics
- The basicsThe words and registers every business in Poland runs into: NIP, REGON, PESEL, CEIDG, KRS, PKD.6 guides
- Sole traders (JDG)Opening, running, suspending and closing a one-person business in Poland.11 guides
- Income taxTax forms, advance payments, annual returns and what counts as a cost.8 guides
- ZUS & healthSocial security and health contributions: how much, when, and the reliefs for new businesses.6 guides
- VAT & KSeFVAT registration, the exemption limit, VAT-UE for foreign services, and e-invoicing in KSeF.6 guides
- Companies (sp. z o.o.)Setting up and running a limited company: KRS, CIT, full accounting and paying yourself.7 guides
- Foreigners in PolandWho can open a business, PESEL, tax residence and social security when you come from abroad.5 guides
- Ukrainian freelancersRunning a business in Poland as a Ukrainian citizen: your status, your rights and the 2026 changes.2 guides
- Accountant or DIYDoing it yourself, online accounting, or an accounting office: what each costs and asks of you.5 guides
- Documents & paperworkInvoices, receipts, bank statements: what to keep, how long, and how to hand them over.6 guides
- Using KompletHow Komplet files your documents, reads your statements and prepares the month.4 guides
What is a B2B contract in Poland, and what should you check before signing?
On B2B you invoice a client from your own business instead of being employed. What the contract usually says, how it is taxed, and what to check before you sign.
Can your B2B contract be turned into a job? Poland's 2026 PIP reform
Yes: since 8 July 2026 a Polish labour inspector can rule that your B2B contract is a job. What they look at, the client’s 2,000–60,000 PLN fine, and what to do now.
B2B or an employment contract (UoP): which pays more once you count everything?
On 18,000 PLN a month, B2B leaves about 28,000–40,000 PLN more a year than a UoP in 2026. The worked example, what you give up, and the new PIP risk.
Filing your Polish tax return as a foreigner (2026 income): which PIT, where and how
A foreigner's path through the Polish annual return for 2026: resident or not, PIT-37, PIT-36, PIT-36L or PIT-28, PIT/ZG for income abroad, logging in, 30 April 2027.
Profil Zaufany, eZUS and e-Urząd Skarbowy: how foreigners log in
One free login, the Profil Zaufany, opens CEIDG, e-Urząd Skarbowy, eZUS and KSeF. How to get it with a PESEL and no Polish bank, the eZUS login, and accountant access.
Mikrofirma: what counts as a micro business in Poland, and the limits for 2026
A micro business in Poland has fewer than 10 employees and up to 2 million euro turnover. What the status changes, and the tax tests that only sound similar.
NIP, REGON, PESEL and KRS: which Polish number is which?
PESEL is you, NIP is your tax number, REGON the statistics number, KRS a company's. Who issues each, where each one goes, and NIP without a PESEL.
Which PKD 2025 code should a programmer or IT freelancer use? 62.10.B and the other IT codes
Most developers now use 62.10.B, as 62.01.Z is gone. The other IT codes, why your code does not set your ryczałt rate, and how to switch by 31 December 2026.
How to read a Polish invoice, field by field (with the English for each word)
Faktura VAT, netto, brutto, zw, np, MPP, numer KSeF: every field on a Polish invoice translated into English, with what to check before you pay one.
Receipt or invoice in Poland: which one you need (2026)
Up to 450 PLN gross, a receipt (paragon fiskalny) with your NIP counts as an invoice in 2026. When to ask for an invoice, what counts as a cost, and the 2027 change.
Starting a B2B cooperation in Poland: how to begin, what to sign, and what it costs in the first year
Said yes to a B2B offer? The order of steps for your first month: CEIDG, ZUS, VAT, KSeF, the first invoice, what to sign, and what the first year costs in 2026.
Polish tax residency for foreigners: the 183-day rule and your income from abroad
When Poland taxes your worldwide income: the 183-day and centre-of-interests tests, tax treaties, the CFR-1 certificate, moving mid-year and digital nomads.
Top-up tax in Poland: who pays the global minimum tax (and who does not)
Poland's top-up tax (podatek wyrównawczy) is the 15% global minimum tax for groups with 750 million EUR revenue. Who pays, the three taxes, deadlines.
Can a Ukrainian open a business in Poland in 2026? What changed on 5 March
Since 5 March 2026 not every Ukrainian in Poland can open a JDG. See who still can (PESEL UKR, CUKR), what happens to older JDGs, and your other options.
Unregistered activity in Poland: earning a little without a JDG (the 2026 quarterly limit)
Up to 10,813.50 PLN a quarter in 2026 with no CEIDG entry and no ZUS of your own. Who can use działalność nierejestrowana, what records to keep, how tax works.
The VAT exemption limit in Poland in 2026: 240,000 PLN, and the day you lose it
240,000 PLN net a year from 2026, up from 200,000. How it is cut if you start mid-year, what counts, who can never use it, and the sale that ends the exemption.
What is a sp. z o.o.? The Polish limited company in plain English
What sp. z o.o. means, who can own one, what it costs to set up in 2026, how it is taxed and what it must file each year, explained simply.
What is CEIDG? How to check a Polish sole trader for free
Check any Polish sole trader in CEIDG for free: what the register shows, what stays private, what you can file there, and what it passes on to ZUS and the tax office.
What is KRS in Poland, and how to search it online for free
Search KRS online for free: find a Polish company's KRS number, board and accounts, download an official extract, and see what a company must file each year.
Ulga na start and preferential ZUS: what you pay in your first 30 months
0 PLN social ZUS for 6 months, then 420.86 PLN a month for 24 months in 2026. Who qualifies, what you give up, and what to file when the first 6 months end.
Cost invoices in KSeF: how to download them, and what your accountant still needs from you
Your Polish suppliers' invoices now arrive in KSeF. How to find and download them, how your accountant gets them, and which costs never appear there.
KSeF won't collect your Google, Adobe and AWS invoices. Here's what still lands on you
Google, Adobe and AWS invoices never reach KSeF; your invoices to foreign clients do. Where to download foreign invoices, which JPK marker, what your accountant needs.
How to close a JDG in Poland, and what you still owe afterwards
Closing a Polish JDG in CEIDG is free and online. The steps, the last ZUS and tax payments, VAT on your laptop or car, and how long to keep records.
Do you need an accountant for a JDG in Poland?
No law makes a sole trader in Poland hire an accountant. When doing it yourself works, when it is risky, what an app or an office costs, and what stays your job.
Invoices in euros or dollars in Poland: which exchange rate do you use?
Use the NBP rate from the business day before. How to convert EUR and USD invoices for income tax and VAT, with a worked example of exchange differences.
What are PKD codes, and must you switch to PKD 2025 by the end of 2026?
Old PKD 2007 codes are valid only until 31 December 2026. How to switch to PKD 2025 for free, what happens if you wait, and what a sp. z o.o. must do.
Tax and ZUS deadlines in Poland for 2026: a month-by-month calendar for sole traders
The real 2026 dates for a JDG: ZUS and income tax by the 20th, VAT by the 25th, holiday shifts, the annual return and the one-off dates still to come.
What is a JDG in Poland? The sole trader, explained in plain English
A JDG is Poland's sole trader: you, registered as a business. Who can open one, what it costs in 2026, what you risk, and what you file each month.
What documents should you send your accountant every month in Poland?
Invoices, receipts, bank statements: what a Polish accountant needs each month, by which day, what KSeF already shows and what must still come from you.
What is ZUS, and how much will you pay in 2026?
ZUS in plain English: what it pays for, what a sole trader pays at each stage in 2026 (from about 430 PLN a month), and how to pay by the 20th.
The ZUS holiday (wakacje składkowe) in 2026: one month a year without social contributions
Skip one month of social contributions in 2026 and keep your pension time. Who qualifies, what you still pay, and when to send the RWS form in eZUS.
How much does an accountant cost in Poland (including one who speaks English)?
Typical 2026 monthly prices for a JDG and a sp. z o.o., the extra fees in the small print, English-speaking service, and what to put in the contract.
Your JDG's annual tax return in Poland: PIT-36, PIT-36L or PIT-28
Which annual return a Polish sole trader files (PIT-36, PIT-36L or PIT-28), what goes into it, the 30 April deadline, Twój e-PIT, and how to correct or file late.
Do you need a separate business bank account for a JDG?
No law makes a sole trader open a business account in Poland. But the 15,000 PLN rule, the VAT white list and split payment often make one the sensible choice.
What can a JDG count as a business cost? Laptop, phone, internet, home office, car
What a sole trader in Poland can book as a cost in 2026: laptop, phone, home office, internet and car, the 10,000 PLN line, and why ryczałt is different.
Ryczałt, liniowy or skala: which tax form should you choose?
Ryczałt, liniowy or skala for a Polish JDG in 2026: the rates, the health contribution, a worked example of which one wins, and the deadline to choose.
Doing your own books as a sole trader on ryczałt: what it takes each month
Doing your own books on ryczałt in 2026: the revenue register, two payments by the 20th, the extra VAT work, the PIT-28 and the yearly health reconciliation.
What is e-Doręczenia, and does your JDG need an e-delivery address now?
Every JDG in CEIDG needs an e-Doręczenia address from 1 October 2026, suspended ones too. What it is, how to set it up free, and how not to miss a letter.
Estonian CIT in Poland, in plain English: no company tax until profit is paid out
Estonian CIT in 2026: a Polish sp. z o.o. pays 10% or 20% only when profit leaves it. Who qualifies, the staff rule, hidden profits and the 2027 bill.
A folder structure and file names your accountant will thank you for
Year and month folders, side folders for the rest, and one naming pattern for every invoice, receipt and statement. Plus where to keep it all and how long.
Can a foreigner open a JDG in Poland? Who can, and how, in 2026
EU, EEA, Swiss and US citizens can open a JDG like a Pole. Other foreigners need a listed status. What you need first, the CEIDG form, and your first month.
The health contribution (składka zdrowotna) in 2026: why it isn't a flat fee
What a JDG pays for health in 2026: 9% or 4.9% of income or a ryczałt band, the 432.54 PLN minimum, the May reconciliation and what you can deduct.
How long must you keep invoices in Poland? (In practice, longer than 5 years)
Not 5 years from the invoice date: they run from the end of the year the tax was due, so 2026 invoices stay until 31 December 2032. Plus KSeF, scans, closing.
EU citizen with a Polish JDG: can you stay insured in your home country?
Only if EU rules put you there and an A1 certificate says so. Who qualifies, the CEIDG insured-abroad box, health cover and the startup reliefs.
Invoicing a client abroad from Poland: reverse charge, "np" and currencies
Reverse charge for EU clients, "np" for the rest of the world: what your invoice must say, when to register for VAT-UE, and how KSeF and euros work in 2026.
Converting your JDG into a sp. z o.o.: when it makes sense and how it works
Convert your JDG, contribute it, or open a fresh sp. z o.o.? The steps, the notary and auditor, the costs, and what happens to tax, ZUS, NIP, VAT and KSeF in 2026.
JDG or sp. z o.o. in Poland: which should you choose?
JDG or sp. z o.o. in 2026: liability, ZUS, tax, accounting and closing side by side, when a company pays off, and which one a foreigner can open.
Employed and running a JDG: do you pay ZUS twice?
A job and a JDG in Poland in 2026: when the business pays only the health contribution, when you pay ZUS twice, which ZUS form to file, and your tax return.
What is KSeF in Poland, and what does it change for a small business?
KSeF is Poland's national e-invoicing system. Who must use it and from when, what changes if you are VAT-exempt or on ryczałt, how to log in, and when penalties start.
Paid ZUS or tax late? Interest, czynny żal, and how to put it right
Paid ZUS or tax late in Poland? How to work out the interest (10.5% a year in 2026), when small amounts are waived, and when a czynny żal protects you.
Lost an invoice or a receipt in Poland? How to get a duplicate
Ask the seller for a duplikat, download KSeF invoices again yourself, and learn what a bank statement cannot prove. Plus what to do about lost receipts.
How to match your bank statement to your invoices and find missing documents
Put your bank statement next to your invoices, give every line a reason, and find the missing documents before your accountant asks for them.
Month-end checklist for sole traders in Poland: 30 minutes a month
Collect, check, send, pay, file: the five month-end jobs for a Polish sole trader, with every ZUS, tax and VAT date for the rest of 2026.
The month package: how to send your accountant a whole month in one folder
One button turns a month into a folder and a ZIP: invoices with readable names, bank statements and a summary. What is inside, and how to send it.
How to organise invoices and receipts for a Polish business: a 10-minute weekly system
One folder per month, file names you can read in a year, paper receipts kept safe, and a weekly check against the bank. A simple system for a Polish business.
How to resume a suspended JDG in Poland: what restarts, and when
Resuming a suspended JDG in CEIDG is free. The earliest date, what ZUS, tax and VAT do next, whether you can switch tax form, and resuming for one invoice.
Ryczałt rates in 2026: which percentage applies to your work?
Ryczałt rates for 2026 in plain English: why IT is usually 12%, when services are 8.5%, who the 100,000 PLN step hits, and how to check your rate.
Mały ZUS Plus in 2026: lower ZUS based on your income, who qualifies and how to apply
Pay social ZUS on half of last year's income. Who qualifies in 2026, amounts from 420.86 PLN a month, the 31 January deadline and what suspension changes.
Does the owner of a sp. z o.o. pay ZUS? Sole shareholders, partners and board members in 2026
The only shareholder of a Polish sp. z o.o. pays about 2,757 PLN ZUS a month in 2026, with no relief. Partners, board members and dividends work differently.
What does it cost to run a sp. z o.o. in Poland each month and each year?
A one-person sp. z o.o. costs about 3,400 PLN a month in 2026. Set-up fees, full accounting, the sole shareholder's ZUS, yearly filings, and when a JDG is cheaper.
How to suspend a JDG in Poland (we just did it), and why you might want to
Suspending a Polish JDG in CEIDG is free and online. What stops (ZUS, PIT advances, VAT returns), what does not, the PKD 2025 catch, and how to resume.
Changing accountant in Poland: when to switch and what to hand over
Switching accountant in Poland? When to leave, what the old office must hand back, which permissions to withdraw, and what to update within 7 days.
Where do you pay your tax? The tax micro-account (mikrorachunek) explained
Your income tax and VAT go to one personal account built from your NIP. How to get the number, what to put in the transfer, and how to pay from abroad.
Living in Poland with a Ukrainian FOP: where do you pay tax?
Living in Poland with a Ukrainian FOP? When Poland taxes all your income, why the FOP can make you resident twice, the single tax, and ZUS.
Google Ads, Adobe or AWS invoices: do you need VAT-UE registration if you're VAT-exempt?
Google Ads or Adobe billed from abroad is an import of services. Even a VAT-exempt JDG registers for VAT-UE, files VAT-9M and pays 23%. AWS is different.
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